Misrepresentation

# Misrepresentation
## <br><br> Introduction to Data Science
### <a href="https://introds.org/">introds.org</a>
### <br> Dr. Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel

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<a href="https://introds.org" target="_blank">introds.org</a>
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# Causality

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.footnote[
.midi[
Alice Park. [Exercise Can Lower Risk of Some Cancers By 20%](https://time.com/4330041/reduce-cancer-risk-exercise/). Time Magazine. 16 May 2016.
]
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.footnote[
.midi[
Melissa Healy. [Exercising drives down risk for 13 cancers, research shows
](https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-exercising-cancer-20160516-story.html).  
Los Angeles Times. 16 May 2016.
]
]

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## Original study

Moore, Steven C., et al. **["Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults."](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2521826)** JAMA internal medicine 176.6 (2016): 816-825.

- **Volunteers** were **asked** about their physical activity level over the preceding year. 
- Half exercised less than about 150 minutes per week, half exercised more. 
- Compared to the bottom 10% of exercisers, the top 10% had lower rates of esophageal, liver, lung, endometrial, colon, and breast cancer.
- Researchers found no association between exercising and 13 other cancers (e.g. pancreatic, ovarian, and brain).

.footnote[
.midi[
Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West. [Calling Bullshit: The art of skepticism in a data-driven world](https://www.callingbullshit.org/).  
Random House, 2020.  
Sharon Begley. ["Does exercise prevent cancer?"](https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/16/exercise-prevent-cancer/). StatNews. 16 May 2016. 
]
]

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# Axes and scale

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.question[
What is the difference between these two pictures? Which presents a better way to represent these data?
]

.footnote[
.midi[
Christopher Ingraham. ["You’ve been reading charts wrong. Here’s how a pro does it."](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/14/youve-been-reading-charts-wrong-heres-how-pro-does-it/).  
The Washington Post. 14 October 2019.
]
]

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.pull-left-wide[
<img src="w7-d02-misrepresentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.pull-right-narrow[
<img src="img/cost_of_gas.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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## Graph detective

.center[
<iframe width="900" height="450" src="https://livefreeordichotomize.com/2020/05/17/graph-detective/" frameborder="0"></iframe>  
]

.footnote[
.midi[
Lucy D'Agostino McGowan. [Graph detective](https://livefreeordichotomize.com/2020/05/17/graph-detective/). Live Free or Dichotomize. 17 May 2020.
]
]

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# Maps and areas

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.footnote[
.midi[
Lazaro Gamio. ["Election maps are telling you big lies about small things"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/how-election-maps-lie/).  
The Washington Post. 1 Nov 2016.
]
]

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.pull-left[
<img src="img/citizens-for-trump.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
--
.pull-right[
<img src="img/counties-for-trump.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]

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.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]

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.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]

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# Visualising uncertainty

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On December 19, 2014, the front page of Spanish national newspaper El
País read *"Catalan public opinion swings toward 'no' for independence, says survey"*.

.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [The truthful art: Data, charts, and maps for communication](http://www.thefunctionalart.com/p/the-truthful-art-book.html). New Riders, 2016.
]
]

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.pull-left-wide[
<img src="w7-d02-misrepresentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-15-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.pull-right-narrow[
<img src="w7-d02-misrepresentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. ["Uncertainty and Graphicacy: How Should Statisticians Journalists and Designers Reveal Uncertainty in Graphics for Public Consumption?"](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/powerfromstatistics/OR/PfS-OutlookReport-Cairo.pdf), Power from Statistics: Data Information and Knowledge, 2017.
]
]

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# Further reading

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.pull-left[
<img src="img/cairo-how-charts-lie.jpg" width="350" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />
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.pull-right[
[How Charts Lie](http://www.thefunctionalart.com/p/reviews.html)  
Getting Smarter about Visual Information

by Alberto Cairo
]

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.pull-left[
<img src="img/calling-bullshit.png" width="350" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />
]
.pull-right[
[Calling Bullshit](https://www.callingbullshit.org/)  
The Art of Skepticism in a  
Data-Driven World

by Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West
]